rise of kingdoms france and germany were both once part of what kingdom

In 1526 he inherited the thrones of Hungary and Bohemia when the Ottoman Turks killed King Louis, the ruler of those provinces. He theorized that one did not need to sail east for a year to reach the Indies. The Reformation had begun thirteen years earlier, just before Charles became king of Spain. AEthelflaed. Finally, in 1543, Pope Paul III (14681549; reigned 153449) convened the long-awaited Council of Trent, a meeting to discuss reforming the Roman Catholic Church from within (see "Council of Trent" in Chapter 7). He made peace with Spain, then attempted to arrange a marriage between his second son Charles (King Charles I; 16001649; ruled 162549) and the daughter of the Spanish king, Philip III. Charles also continued the war against France in Italy. The Spanish had rights to all lands west of the longitudinal Line of Demarcation, while Portugal could claim everything to the east. Renaissance and Reformation Reference Library. In 1415 Henry the Navigator, son of the Portuguese king, led an armada against Ceuta and won a battle that left thousands of Muslim bodies piled in the streets of the city. He often broke treaties, and on occasion he even allied with Muslims and Protestants to oppose Catholic Spain. (Such an action was not unusual during the Renaissance, when rulers constantly shifted strategies to promote their own interests.) After retaking Jerusalem from the Muslims during the First Crusade, the Christians began establishing Crusader kingdoms around the Mediterranean Sea. By the mid-eighteenth century, virtually all of the world, including the continents of the Americas, became known to Europeans. Many people supported Mary's restoration of the Catholic faith, believing that Edward's reign had gone too far in abolishing cherished ceremonies and beliefs. Yet Africa and the eastern route to the Indies were off limits because Pope Alexander VI had granted total control of these areas to Portugal (see "Spain" section previously in this chapter). "Converted" Muslims who still practiced Islam were called Moriscos. Q. Soon the stability of England was threatened by complex internal conflicts over the question of who should be king. They Adrian did not respond to their demands, so the Comuneros formed an army under Antonio de Acua, bishop of Zamora. Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. The feudal system had been used in France by the Normans from the time they first settled there in about 900AD. Although the fiercest fighting over African colonies would not occur until the eighteenth century, English and French expeditions managed to take control of various slaving stations along the coast of Africa. Two years later, Philip issued a royal proclamation condemning William of Orange as an outlaw and the main source of unrest in the Netherlands. Question Posted by Guest on May 8th 2020 Last Modified: Apr 15th 2021 France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? The uprising began when Dutch Protestants staged violent riots and smashed statues of Catholic saints. He was being educated in Brussels (a city in present-day Belgium), where his tutor Adrian Florensz (14591523; reigned as Pope Adrian VI, 152223) was teaching him Flemish customs. In 1266 King Charles I of France (Charles of Anjou; 12271285; ruled 126685), the youngest brother of King Louis IX, took the thrones of Naples and Sicily (called the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Claiming the French crown, he sent troops to aid the Spanish in 1512 and was determined to invade France. The execution of the Catholic queen was a signal to Philip that he must seize the throne of England. The cities replaced fiefs as population centers. In 1527 Henry began demanding a divorce from Catherine so he could marry Anne Boleyn (c. 15071536), an attendant in the court of Queen Claude of France. Although he would ultimately rescue Louis the Pious on both occasions, the . All lands to the east would belong to Portugal and all lands to the west would belong to Spain. Hawkins opened up English trade with the islands in the Caribbean Sea in the New World, and Drake circumnavigated (sailed around) the globe between 1577 and 1580. James also supported settlement in the New World. Olivares's plans caused revolts in Catalonia, a region of Aragon. In 1502 Moriscos were also given the choice of converting to Christianity The name Portugal comes from the ancient port city of Portus Cale (now Porto), at the mouth of the Douro River, where the Portuguese monarchy began. Tensions between Spain and the Ottomans had reached a peak in the mid-1500s. When the Renaissance began in the mid-fourteenth century in Italy, Europe was divided into hundreds of independent states, each with its own laws and customs. Francis was also forced to make peace by 1529. The Concordat marked a high point in the struggle over the question of the monarch's sovereignty, which had divided France into two camps. put an end to the bloody French Revolution. During the 1590s, she struggled to keep her government from going bankrupt. Nevertheless, she followed the religious policies of her father and brother. 3. Half of the Armada was lost and so was Philip's dream of making England into a Catholic province. The Armada was doomed when a powerful storm, which the English called the "Great Protestant Wind," swept through the Channel. Alba initiated an extremely repressive policy. Henry's son, Alfonso I (c. 11091185), became king and achieved independence for Portugal in 1143. Reliable maps of the known world, which previously had been closely guarded as state secrets, were becoming available to seafarers. They provided the basis for the elegant architectural style developed by Christopher Wren (16321723) later in the century. Capitalism is considered one of the major contributions of the Renaissance. The Kingdom of Italy was created in. Henry is now considered the true English Renaissance prince. Rise of Kingdoms' success story is a great example of this. Ferdinand's most brilliant military and political successes were achieved in Italy during the Italian Wars, a series of conflicts in which Spain and France were fighting over control of Naples and Sicily (see discussion of the Italian Wars in "France" section previously in this chapter). Then in 1599 she placed Essex in command of a military force and sent him to Ireland to subdue Tyrone's Rebellion. The forerunner to the European explorers was the Venetian traveler Marco Polo (12541324). The council ended its work by issuing a statement that upheld Catholic doctrine (religious rules), but it showed more tolerance of opposition. He sought aid from the army in Ireland and from King James VI of Scotland. During the first twenty years of Philip's reign, the Ottoman Empire was the most serious threat to Spanish world power. In 1577 Requesens was replaced by John of Austria. By 1536, however, Francis was determined to seek revenge against Charles. Questions 1 - 5 are on a 15 second timer, questions 6 - 10 are. Early in 1518 the eighteen-year-old Charles took the throne of Spain. His mother, Louise of Savoy (14761531), supervised his upbringing, and a strong bond developed between them. (According to the so-called Salic Law, a male could be the only legitimate heir to the throne.) After the French invasion of Italy in 1494, Ferdinand was able to intervene in the affairs of Naples and Milan. In 1580 and 1581, Philip II of Spain claimed the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and acquired its empire. The Iberians were followed by the Carthaginians. In 1555 Charles officially turned rule of the Netherlands over to Philip. French colonization and a thriving fur trade spread outward along the corridor of the Mississippi Valley, pushing as far west as the Rocky Mountains. 1,200-year-old bones found in Aachen Cathedral in Germany believed to belong to Charlemagne, King of the Franks. In 1474 Isabella succeeded her brother Henry IV (14251474; ruled 145474) to the throne of Castile. Which of the following is considered a metallic resource? This social and economic system had emerged during the ninth century in the Carolingian Empire (pronounced care-eh-LIN-jee-ehn), which was centered in the region that is now France. Among them were Leonardo da Vinci, Benvenuto Cellini, and Andrea del Sarto. (Over the years the story has been told that Luther nailed the Theses to the door of the Wittenberg Castle church, but many historians refute that story.) In 1639 a French army invaded Catalonia, and in 1641 the Catalonians declared their independence from Spain and gave their allegiance to King Louis XIII of France. Still, the troubles between Protestants and Catholics in Europe did not go away. Then a powerful stormthe "Great Protestant Wind," as the English called itswept through the Channel and forced the Spanish vessels away from England. Henry therefore seemed to personify many attributes of the Renaissance. English settlers made three failed attempts to start a colony at Roanoke, an island off the coast of Virginia. The stage was set for what was then, and is perhaps still, the greatest ocean voyage ever accomplished: the circumnavigation of the globe. Intellectually the Arabs had much to offer since they brought a culture that had combined the influences of Greece and Rome with those of Persia and India. In 1652 Philip sent an army under his illegitimate son John of Austria (16291679) to Barcelona. Nevertheless, he was convinced that the coast of Japan lay only a short distance west of his original landing point. (now in Belgium), a city in the Holy Roman Empire. Charles's victory started a rivalry among the three young kings that was to last for the rest of their lives. In 1568, at the height of his Dutch troubles, Philip experienced several other misfortunes. She was burned at the stake in 1431. This move shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis's longtime supporters. Religious fanaticism soon intensified. In Cabot's exploration of Newfoundland, in 1497, yielded sparse information about the new continent's northern-most regions. He frequently attacked his father's ministers, including the duke of Alba, with a knife. Tensions began in 1455 when Richard, the duke of York, tried to overthrow the weak and mentally disturbed King Henry VI (14211471; ruled 142261 and 147071). The troubled young man was finally locked away in a tower, where he went on a series of hunger strikes and died later in the year. Then on December 9, 1525, King Charles I (Holy Roman Emperor Charles V) gave a similar choice to Moriscos living in Aragon after he had inherited the country from his grandfather Ferdinand. Vast, uncharted regions of the ocean had yet to be explored, but with these maps a navigator could safely reach the boundaries of the known world. We will have to build, reinforce, and train our own army to rise up as the most powerful on the map. Their efforts were defeated after the king's agents bullied and bribed the majority of Cortes members. 1624 he arranged for Charles to marry Henrietta Maria (16091669), the sister of King Louis XIII of France. He realized that England did not have the financial resources to fund any involvement in a war. The siege has often been called the "German Fury" because the majority of the marauding soldiers were German Lutherans. The Muslims lived across the Strait of Gibraltar from Portugal, at the port city of Ceuta. Joan was condemned to death for alleged heresy and witchcraft (use of supernatural powers to summon evil spirits). The destruction was so great that the invasion was delayed for a year. Along the route, the Portuguese started trading posts and supply stations, often by fighting off natives who tried to repel the intruders. Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event? The enormous strain of directing such a massive empire had taken a toll on Charles. In addition, Charles would inherit lands in Burgundy (a region of France) that belonged to Maximilian I, and he was in line to become Holy Roman Emperor. When we look at existing monarchies in Europe, following are of German descent: Royal Family of Belgium. Royal Family of Luxembourg (Now Italian House of Bourbon-Parma but historically Germanic House of Nassau) Royal Family of Holland. Marco Polo. Just one year before Charles died, Philip decisively ended more than a half-century of Spanish-French conflict regarding Italy. One of Francis's armies then overran most of the countryside around Milan. 1861. Yet the treaty was ineffective because the French almost immediately began giving aid to the Netherlands. The Rise of Monarchies: France, England, and SpainOne of the most significant developments in the three centuries leading up to the Renaissance period was the collapse of feudalism. Their adviser was Toms de Torquemada (pronounced tor-kay-MAH-thah; 14201498), a Dominican monk (member of a religious order founded by Saint Dominic). Ferdinand and Isabella were able to centralize most of the government, although Aragon successfully resisted any changes that would increase royal authority. Best Commanders Tier List - Updated with new Commanders. Elyot's dictionary (1538) was the first to provide English equivalents for all the words in the classical Latin vocabulary. In 1441 an expedition returned from the Rio de Ouro region of Africa with a cargo of captured slaves, thus beginning the African slave trade, which continued into the nineteenth century. Francia was never a country except to those living far enough outside it they never had to visit, the Arabs and Romans in particular (which is why 'Frank' still denotes all Westerners in Greek and Arabic, but not in German or French). Cranmer was dismissed from office and placed under house arrest, while Reginald Pole (15001558) was brought back to England to take the archbishop's place. During his last days, some of his advisers attempted to give the throne to Jane Grey (15371554), the king's distant relative and a supporter of Protestant causes. Handsome, dashing, well educated in classical Latin and theology (religious philosophy), he was willing to spend money on learning and the arts. France and Germany were both once part of what Kingdom? timer. Spanish officials were dismissed and replaced by men In 1489 Charles VIII was offered the crown of Naples by Pope Innocent VIII (14321492; reigned 148492). The use of newly invented cannons also significantly aided the French war effort. Renaissance thought emphasized pursuit of the arts and sciences, the achievement of personal glory, and commercial expansion. In the Revolt of the Netherlands, Protestants in the Low Countries fought to throw off Spanish rule and Catholic persecution. Q: What color gemstones are engraved upon Crown El CId? His troops annihilated Swiss mercenaries hired by Massimiliano Sforza (14931530), duke of Milan (see "Milan" in Chapter 2). It also extended south and west to include possessions in North Africa and the Americas. In 1071 Muslim Turks had seized Jerusalemthe center of the Holy Land and a city considered sacred to Jews, Muslims, and Christianswhen they conquered the Byzantine Empire (the eastern part of the former Roman Empire, based in Constantinople, which is now Istanbul, Turkey). In a papal bull, or decree, Alexander drew a line from north to south one hundred leagues (approximately 240 miles, or 386 kilometers) west of the Azores Islands. Alba had Egmont and Hoorn executed along with perhaps twelve thousand other rebels. ." Their attempts to conquer and colonize these new lands were the beginning of what is known today as a global economy. Tons of silver from the mines of Potosi as well as Mexican and Peruvian gold and gems were streaming into Spanish ports aboard giant galleons (the large, heavy ships used by Spain). In 613, the Franks were again united by Chlotar II, son of Chilperic, but the effects of the decades of divisions were still felt, undermining the stability of the kingdom and resulting in the escalation of internal struggles. First, he wanted to distribute taxes throughout the country and, second, he wanted to abolish privileges given to certain provinces. Jane was proclaimed queen in 1553, but after only nine days she was imprisoned for high treason as a result of the plot to make her queen. By the early seventeenth century, however, Spanish people had become convinced that Moriscos were plotting with Muslim and Protestant enemies to overthrow the Catholic state. 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Francia: French National Day is on July 14 in order to coincide with which historical event distance! Shocked and offended most Christians in Europe, even many of Francis 's armies overran. Eighteen-Year-Old Charles took the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and on occasion even... Legitimate heir to the throne of Portugal, conquered the country, and occasion! Any involvement in a war the enormous strain of directing Such a massive had!

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