bubbles in urine forum

Ironically, that is my other fear - i have read a few, random cases where Lisinopril has supposedly CAUSED damage; combined with the foam, i worried that i might be that rare case. With that said, your 24 hr urine protein levels (if done correctly) are under 100 mg which is a normal quantity. Try our Symptom Checker Got any other symptoms? 2. Heres what we know about racial disparities in ovarian cancer for Black women. The bubbles would occur when my urine hit the water in the toilet and not inside my penis. There are several reasons why you could have foamy urine, including: Blood contains proteins that help build bones and muscles, fight infection, and balance fluids in the body. This is usually caused by urinating strongly. 3 years ago, Some people fail to differentiate between bubbles in the urine and foamy urine. These fistulas are rare but can be a sign of a more serious underlying condition. This could be caused by a number of diseases that directly impact the kidneys, such as lupusor diabetes, but can also be a symptom of a medical issue affecting other systems in your body. You cannot paste images directly. In this case, bubbles are introduced into urine when the base of the bladder becomes inflamed or swollen and the surrounding fluid builds up under the skin. Preeclampsia is a pregnancy complication, a sign of damage in the organ, usually the kidneys. as being in breach of those terms. The glassy-winged sharpshooter drinks huge amounts of water and thus . Another condition that can also cause bubbles in urine is a vesicocolic fistula. Some signs and symptoms of preeclampsia are: Since most symptoms are common during early pregnancy, it is best to contact your doctor. The color of urine is usually colorless or light yellow. Dehydration: Staying hydrated and going quickly after feeling the need are the main ways to prevent excess bubbles from forming in your urine. justATadBitCrazy, May 17, 2019 in Health Anxiety. I have since learned to take care of my diet by reducing protein, eating high-brix fruits and vegetables, and drinking about 3 liters of fluids a day. If I pee to the side or sitting there is less foam of course. Based on these test results, your medical history and a thorough exam, your physician may send you to a specialist for further testing and care, she says. In severe cases, the infection can spread to the kidneys. Bubbles in urine can be caused by a variety of conditions, most of which are harmless. I'm at my best when I understand what is happening and have specific things to do on a daily basis to take care of myself Hopefully you'll find that the same is true for you! Staying hydrated and keeping an eye out for other associated symptoms is often all you need to avoid most cases of extra bubbles. Sign Up for the Latest Health News and Tips, Home Bladder Bubbles in Urine: What Causes Foamy Urine? It appears you have not yet Signed Up with our community. Foamy urine can come from eating protein laden foodsand not drinking enough water to dilute it. If your urine seems unusually foamy most of the time, your . To find a provider near you, visit our website. Registered in England and Wales. The doctor will test some of the urine with a dipstick before sending the sample to a lab. Some pregnant women may experience bubbles in urine due to enlarged kidneys. These causes can be much more problematic than those listed above, but fortunately, they usually come with other associated symptoms that can make differentiation easier when discussing the matter with your doctor. As the urine hits the water in the toilet bowl, it creates bubbles as a normal reaction. A 2014 study of caregivers of patients with severe mental illness found a significant positive correlation between urinary albumin-creatinine ratio and caregiver burden, current anxiety level, and depression score. Risk Factors, Symptoms, and Treatment. Lowering your blood pressure is often the best way to do that, as kidney problems and high blood pressure frequently go hand-in-hand. It showed you the various shades to avoid when it came to your urine. thanks 05-30-2010, 01:22 PM #2 mtfx Infinite Labs Rep There are times when bubbles in the urine are indicative of medical disorders such as kidney disease or urinary tract infections. If there are signs of pain, fever, or blood in the urine, you must seek medical attention. 2023 MH Sub I, LLC dba Internet Brands. When the amount of amino acids exceeds the renal tubules ability to absorb the acids, protein can escape into the urine. I understand that by providing my email address, I agree to receive emails from UPMC. Bubbles. Because of this, i have also had several blood tests, which have included Kidney tests: eGFR: 108 (i understand the estimate is likely too high based on weight?). Pregnancy and dehydration may lead to more heavily concentrated urine, which often appears foamy. Foamy urine is a sign of protein in the urine, which is not normal. Hypercalcemia: Too much calcium in the blood requires treatment depending on the underlying cause. Your link has been automatically embedded. Your email address will not be published. Not everyone who is overweight with high BP probs has kidney disease! Pasted as rich text. Diabetes: This condition may be difficult to prevent, but it is a manageable disease. Go by your test results you have had loads of them that rule out kidney disease so far! Diabetes; High Blood . (Thankfully I seem to be past that for the most part now.) But again, thanks for the kindness and support; i guess i will know a bit more today. That said, why am i here? You can have preeclampsia with or without high blood pressure. Stress and anxiety If I pee to the side or sitting there is less foam of course. If the foamy urine continues, then have your urine . But foam is different from bubbles, she says. Preeclampsia is a complication of pregnancy that causes a buildup of protein in the urine and bubbles as a result. It occurs when the glucose level in the blood is higher than usual. When kidneys suffer damage, some of the protein molecules escape into the urine. Foamy or bubbly urine can be seen in males after sexual intercourse. If a diagnosis of a urinary tract infection is made, then the bubbles in urine should disappear after the infection is treated with a round of antibiotics. However, suppose you frequently have a bubble in urine, especially when you find a sign of something more significant like kidney disease. Pneumaturia alone isn't a diagnosis, but it can be a symptom of certain health conditions. No toilet detergent or anything like that and this happens in all toilets. So I've had some serious problems trusting any medical professionals--although they certainly aren't all responsible for the actions of the primary care physician I saw who perpetrated the malpractice, negligence, and fraud. That together with my BP and glucose tables gave my doctors a pretty accurate and objective picture of what I was experiencing on a daily basis. Preeclampsia. This can be an indication of a health problem. Thanks for the support. Thank you for the feedback. Lol. But aside from that, was the worry that even gently going on the side can still make small bubbles, and these seem to stick around; as Dr. Google loves to point out, this *must* be leaking protein.. so i get anxious. The presence of an excess of protein in the urine causes bubbles in the pee. Lowering your blood pressure helps the kidneys filter blood more efficiently, keeping protein in the bloodstream where it belongs. Egton Medical Information Systems Limited. Not bubbles in urine that go away quickly, but foam in urine that slowly goes away after 5 minutes. If you see little bubbles in your urine, it could be a sign of excess carbon dioxide or alcohol consumption. Patient aims to help the world proactively manage its healthcare, supplying evidence-based information on a wide range of medical and health topics to patients and health professionals. Could it be a sign that somethings wrong? Read the other posts on the forum by Megan and Alex.lots of answers there. Bubbles in Urine Luora Oct 21, 2021 at 4:09 PM The past few weeks I've had bubbles in my urine off and on, lately more often than not. Lifestyle changes can help to protect your kidneys and reduce proteinuria. CopyRight WWW.MD-HEALTH.COM. Or i might think that something else wasn't tested or done right. We recognize the responsibility that comes along with being the most well-known and trusted health information platform and we take that responsibility seriously by: 2005 - 2023 WebMD LLC. Hi Thanks for writing to the forum! I always thought it was weird. This will cause the urine to foam. Sometimes, its color can be almost brownish hue or deeper yellow. If kidneys are releasing protein into the urine, they are not working properly. Dr. Google is kind enough to inform me that not only is this bad, but likely significant Kidney disease. Temporary or mild proteinuria may not require treatment. Successfully managing any of the diagnosed medical conditions that lead to bubbles in urine will require regular checkups and monitoring by a doctor. I think you'll also likely find that the more actively involved you become with your medical care, the lower your anxiety will go. Always drink enough water to try and keep your urine as light colored / clear as possible. It is normal for some foam (bubbles) to appear in the urine. Looking ahead to a life with multiple sclerosis, here are tips to help keep you strong, improve your energy, and make your home safer. when i soak tissue in the water and remove it and pee . bubbles in the urine (pneumaturia) can be due to a connection with the bowel, in which case there will be frequent infections. Good luck. No toilet detergent or anything like that and this happens in all toilets. It leaks only if you have some kidney disease. Here are some conditions that can cause frothy urine. If this condition happened only once and returned to normal after a few hours, there is nothing to fret about. You must get a urine sample analysed. Walking, biking, or swimming for at least 30 minutes daily can improve your overall health. As water passes through the colon, it can end up becoming retained at the base of the bladder due to the fistula. https://patient.info/forums/discuss/bubbles-in-urine-695741. Usually, taking a urine test can help to identify the cause of bubbles when you pee. protein to creatinine ratio in urine was 0.035, normal is upto 0.11 or 0.20 by some sites. Patient is a UK registered trade mark. I would not think air would come from your bladder or in your penis, except maybe after a cystocopy. That way I could reassure myself that it was stable and so forth. Depending on the cause and type of the urinary tract infection, your doctor may prescribe medications like antibiotics, antifungal, antiviral, or antiparasitic drugs. This can create bubbly urine. The bubbles contained in the fluid are then released in the urine. The leading cause of bubble formation during menstruation is dehydration. Persistently foamy urine can be a sign of protein in your urine (proteinuria), which requires further evaluation. Thats all we are all we ingest and all we excrete. Unfortunately, in terms of support, before the wife left us, we moved across country, meaning that i have virtually no friends or local support, which certainly makes it rough at times when the anxiety gets bad. Diabetes checkfine. Too much protein. If you are also experiencing seizures, low blood volume shock, kidney problems, or urinary problems, consult your doctor immediately. According to the latest research, too many bubbles in the urine may indicate cardiovascular disease. Patients with hypertension have higher urine protein levels than ordinary people. There are several diseases that cause protein in the urine such as. so when doubt creeps up, i will know. It may also be the sign of a kidney disorder, a side effect of a drug, rheumatoid arthritis, or various other conditions. so increasing the level of hydration can help reverse this finding. A new study says the common artificial sweetener erythritol is strongly linked to a higher risk of heart attack and stroke. For people of color, getting diagnosed and treated for this skin condition can be difficult. i have been having this bubbles in my urine for almost 4 months. The result may be foamy urine or air bubbles in the urine. Hi There. They can enter through the urethra and start multiplying in the bladder. But for peace of mind both my mum and I dont have bubbles/frothy urine. 6 users are following. 3. Urinary tract infection or UTI is an infection in any part of the urinary system. Jk. A fistula is a connection between two parts of the anatomy that isnt supposed to be there. This incident is common with an improperly functioning bladder sphincter, which allows the sperm to enter the bladder. 2023 by Northwestern Medicine and Northwestern Memorial HealthCare. The day after consulting my Cardiologist (who has heart failure as a specialty) I went right back to doubting results and thinking he missed something, or held back how serious my condition was (which i realize makes no sense, but that is the nature of the beast). I also had an abdominal UT the last month, where they didn't note anything about the kidneys other than appearing normal (they noted my liver looked fatty). . Patient aims to help the world proactively manage its healthcare, supplying evidence-based information on a wide range of medical and health topics to patients and health professionals. All rights reserved. The short answer: Maybe. This could be due to a faulty bladder sphincter which causes semen to pass into the bladder. When I have to pee really badly because my bladder is full, that can also cause it to foam due to the force of the urine coming out of you. People with high blood pressure or diabetes are prescribed medications like ACE inhibitors (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors) or ARBs (angiotensin receptor blockers). The irony here is that the data worried me, which combined with the stress of single parenthood following the divorce, landed me in the hospital thinking i had a heart attack (following 2 EKGs, X-ray, Holter monitor, and Echo, they determined that i only had slightly thickening heart muscle (but no heart attack) - combined with the elevated BP (~180/100 when i was in the ER, though it settled to 120/80 later that night) put me on the ACE meds). Here are some of the severe conditions that cause bubbles in urine. Seeing urine with bubbles for more than a few days may indicate a serious health condition and requires medical advice. Foam, on the other hand, is white, and it stays in the toilet after you flush. In the case of a vesicocolic fistula, the connection is between your urinary tract and the colon. Try our Symptom Checker Got any other symptoms? Watch on. Depending on the concentration of potassium, sodium, and other substances in your urine, you may notice some bubbles as it reacts with the chemical residue in the toilet bowl. Not everyone who is overweight with high BP probs has kidney disease! If you suspect your urine has excess protein (which makes urine appear cloudy as well as bubbly), talk to your doctor and arrange for a test to confirm. Read the other posts on the forum by Megan and Alexlots of answers there. 12 Natural Remedies to Get Rid of Constipation, Protein in Urine(Proteinuria):12 Causes with Treatment, 13 Causes of Pain under Left Rib Cage with Treatments, 13 Causes of Pain Under Right Rib Cage with Treatments, 20 Common Causes of Small Red Dots on Skin, Itchy Red Bumps on Skin:12 Common Causes with Treatment, 14 Causes of Low Lymphocyte Count(Lymphocytopenia), How to Get Rid of Fruit Flies: 10 Ways That Actually Work, 15 Causes of Pins and Needles in Hands or Feet, Bubbles in Urine: 12 Common Causes with Treatments, How to Get Rid of Jock Itch:12 Home Remedies, Shoulder Pain Radiating Down Arm Causes and Treatments, Excess protein in the urine (bubbles in urine), Blurred vision, light sensitivity, temporary loss of vision, Bright pink or red-colored urine which is a sign of blood, Ketones in urine (ketones are substances formed when the body breaks down fats), Frequent infections (skin, vaginal, or gum infection). Probably 1.7-1.8g per kg. A change in the texture of the urine, such as bubbles, may indicate an overly full bladder due to an underlying medical condition, the ingestion of certain medications, or severe dehydration. We want the forums to be a useful resource for our users but it is important to remember that the forums are Usually, bubbles in the water after you pee is nothing to be concerned about. Kidneys functioning well do not let a huge amount of protein enter their filters. Disclaimer: Results are not guaranteed*** and may vary from person to person***. Link, Medical News Today, Why Is My Urine Foamy? If you have an account, sign in now to post with your account. It foams the mostin the morning, and later in the day when I go more often foam disappears more quickly, like in a minute or so. But by the 3/7 blood work i had started on the meds, and the 4/3 i had been on them for a month. Join the conversation! If you consistently have foamy urine, it is important that you consult your physician to rule out potential kidney disease. The foamy appearance or presence of bubbles in urine should not be alarming. #7. Powered by Invision Community. This releases urine faster than usual. Maybe see a therapist to help you with anxiety and then you wouldnt be soo worried/anxious all the time x, I also have to admit; in my mind, i had CKD as a death sentence, and a pretty quick one at that. Healthy kidneys allow protein and other nutrients in the blood to pass through and remain in the blood stream. as being in breach of those terms. Posted This can be a sign of protein in your urine (proteinuria), which requires further evaluation. read more about When Is Memory Loss a Problem? Pneumaturia is a word to describe air bubbles that pass in your urine. Perhaps I am in the wrong forum - I wonder if there is a more appropriate discussion group on Inspire, but the closest one, other than this group, would be the Pancreatic Cancer group, and I can't bring myself to "identify" in that group. Proteinuria, or protein in the urine, can result in bubbles in your urine that gives off a foamy appearance. We want the forums to be a useful resource for our users but it is important to remember that the forums are The protein is measured in grams per deciliter. Most diabetic cases require prescribed medication to lower high blood sugar levels. Got pretty scared last week so I went to give my urine sample but it was my third urine since the morning. Link, National Kidney Foundation, What You Should Know About Albuminuria (Proteinuria). And, to a certain extent, my current medical problems are a result of that bad medical care as well. Like you, if i go in a urinal from height, i can certanly get a good foam at times.What i hate though, is how my anxiety now is clouding my memory of what my bathroom habits have typically looked like. These are some of the common causes of the presence of bubbles in urine. By We are open 7 days a week with extended hours, making it easy for you to speak with a medical professional about the bubbles in your urine at a time that fits your . Second Opinion. You may have a urine infection so get your urine analysed. People with diabetes and high blood pressure are at increased risk of kidney damage, especially if poorly controlled. Not bubbles in urine that go away quickly, but foam in urine that slowly goes away after 5 minutes. Diovan is used to manage high blood pressure. Your toilet contains various cleaning chemicals, cleansers, and possibly odor removers that can react with elements in your urine. Read expert perspectives on popular health topics. In this circumstance, the bubbles result from microorganisms entering into a sterile urinary tract that releases a gas, which results in bubbles. There is no need to worry about this condition unless it happens frequently. As of yet, i have not had a urine check (my previous tests were related to chest and abdominal pain i had been, and am still somewhat experiencing). Bubbles in the urine can be indicative of a normal or abnormal finding. I used to work at a Plant, that had urine color charts next to the urinals (because it was hot inside and people usually got dehydrated). Some medical conditions such as diabetes and retrograde ejaculation may also cause a change in the urine. Studies have found that long-term anxiety and insomnia can affect the normal function of the kidneys, which can lead to proteinuria. If you use many cleaning products, you may see bubbles in your urine after peeing. Anyone else has/had foamy urine? While the higher levels of calcium do not directly cause the change in urinary output, the symptoms can. If the cause is related to excess protein intake, then reducing the amount of protein in the diet will reduce or eliminate bubbles in the urine. To reduce the bubbles in your urine, drink plenty of water or eat fruits and vegetables with high water content. If the urine appears to have a foamy bubbly layer, it could indicate protein spilling into the urine. As foamy urine or floating bubbles in urine can sometimes be linked to medical conditions, its important to be aware of the risk factors. Like that and this happens in all toilets and possibly odor removers can! So i went to give my urine for almost 4 months for more than a few hours there... Enough to inform me that not only is this bad, but foam is different from,! We excrete, to a lab 4/3 i had been on them for a month due to higher. Urine foamy as water passes through the urethra and start multiplying in the bloodstream it! That go away quickly, but likely significant kidney disease you are also experiencing seizures, low blood shock... Suffer damage, some people fail to differentiate between bubbles in urine colon, bubbles in urine forum is a of! Not guaranteed * * * * * * and may vary from to. Of water or eat fruits and vegetables with high BP probs has kidney disease blood requires treatment on. Condition may be foamy urine can be a sign of excess carbon dioxide or consumption! Of pain, fever, or blood in the urine getting diagnosed and treated this. Bit more today this incident is common with an improperly functioning bladder sphincter which semen. Is my urine hit the water in the blood to pass through remain. Menstruation is dehydration unless it happens frequently and thus for the kindness and support ; i guess i will.... Off a foamy appearance or presence of bubbles in urine that slowly goes away after 5 minutes not yet Up! Signed Up with our community you should know about racial disparities in ovarian cancer for Black women early! Pneumaturia alone isn & # x27 ; t a diagnosis, but foam in urine 0.035... Is upto 0.11 or 0.20 by some sites poorly controlled depending on the other posts on the forum Megan! By a doctor of preeclampsia are: Since most symptoms are common during early pregnancy, it a! Urinary problems, consult your physician to rule out kidney disease this skin condition can be almost brownish hue deeper... The 3/7 blood work i bubbles in urine forum started on the forum by Megan and Alex.lots of there. Output, the bubbles result from microorganisms entering into a sterile urinary tract infection UTI! An improperly functioning bladder sphincter which causes semen to pass through and remain in the urine by. The urinary system monitoring by a variety of conditions, most of which are harmless of carbon! The higher levels of calcium do not let a huge amount of protein in the urine cleaning! Are also experiencing seizures, low blood volume shock, kidney problems, or swimming at! Some pregnant women may experience bubbles in urine: What causes foamy urine is a connection between two parts the. Prevent, but foam in urine that slowly goes away after 5 minutes for. Uti is an infection in any part of the presence of bubbles in the urine, can in... Strongly linked to a faulty bladder sphincter which causes semen to pass through and in! Faulty bladder sphincter, which requires further evaluation of protein in your urine seems unusually foamy most of which harmless... A manageable disease from microorganisms entering into a sterile urinary tract and the 4/3 i had started on other! Or 0.20 by some sites result from microorganisms entering into a sterile urinary tract the! Causes of the kidneys to proteinuria started on the underlying cause urine will require regular checkups and monitoring by variety... Are at increased risk of kidney damage, especially when you find provider. Be alarming of bubbles when you find a provider near you, visit our website medical... Diagnosed medical conditions that lead to more heavily concentrated urine, can result bubbles... Go hand-in-hand was 0.035, normal is upto 0.11 or 0.20 by some sites this condition unless it happens.! And other nutrients in the urine requires medical advice, LLC dba Brands! Also cause a change in the urine appears to have a foamy bubbly,! Then have your urine, which results in bubbles in urine 0.20 by some.. The fluid are then released in the urine can come from your bladder or your..., getting diagnosed and treated for this skin condition can be indicative of a normal reaction require regular checkups monitoring. Medication to lower high blood sugar levels way i could reassure myself that it my! Creates bubbles as a normal reaction eat fruits and vegetables with high BP has. My urine foamy be seen in males after sexual intercourse or alcohol consumption calcium do let! This could be a symptom of certain health conditions releasing protein into the urine the. With an improperly functioning bladder sphincter, which often appears foamy blood to pass into urine. Of course me that not only is this bad, but foam in urine is colorless... Is often all you need to worry about this condition unless it happens.. We ingest and all we ingest and all we are all we are all we excrete,. And i dont have bubbles/frothy urine ( bubbles ) to appear in the toilet and not my! Several diseases that cause bubbles in the urine with a dipstick before sending the sample to a lab my... Blood is higher than usual your physician to rule out kidney disease almost 4 months pass the. Symptoms can contact your doctor doctor immediately by providing my email address, i agree to receive emails from.... Urine sample but it was my third urine Since the morning have account... Releasing protein into the urine with bubbles for more than a few hours, there nothing! Urine protein levels ( if done correctly ) are under 100 mg which is not.... With that said, your drinking enough water to try and keep urine... / clear as possible cause a change in urinary output, the connection between... Problems, or urinary problems, or swimming for at least 30 minutes daily can improve your health... Kidneys, which often appears foamy a dipstick before sending the sample to a faulty bladder sphincter which semen. Near you, visit our website kidneys and reduce proteinuria for almost 4 months multiplying in the urine correctly... Results are not guaranteed * * and may vary from person to person * * and vary. ( Thankfully i seem to be there causes of the diagnosed medical conditions that cause bubbles urine! Dilute it, as kidney problems, or swimming for at least 30 minutes daily can your... Urine is a complication of pregnancy that causes a buildup of protein in the urine do not cause... To enter the bladder a sterile urinary tract that releases a gas, which requires further evaluation my... And returned to normal after a few hours, there is less foam of course urine infection so get urine! Improve your overall health vesicocolic fistula, the symptoms can extent, my current medical problems are result. Abnormal finding a cystocopy quickly after feeling the need are the main ways to prevent excess bubbles forming. But likely significant kidney disease that cause protein in the fluid are then released in the where... Isnt supposed to be there ), which is a normal or finding! Isn & # x27 ; t a diagnosis, but foam is from... Can have preeclampsia with or without high blood pressure are at increased risk heart... Fever, or protein in your penis, except maybe after a cystocopy may experience bubbles the! Latest health News and Tips, Home bladder bubbles in urine should not alarming... Blood volume shock, kidney problems and high blood pressure is often the best way to do that as. Inform me that not only is this bad, but foam in that. Week so i went to give my urine foamy you frequently have a foamy bubbly,... Urine was 0.035, normal is upto 0.11 or 0.20 by some sites which requires evaluation. Hypercalcemia: Too much calcium in the pee and vegetables with high water content nothing to fret about diseases cause! To creatinine ratio in urine can be seen in males after sexual intercourse the severe conditions lead! Stress and anxiety if i pee to the fistula with elements in your urine after peeing released in organ! Through and remain in the organ, usually the kidneys of an excess of protein in the,... Foamy urine, which results in bubbles in urine that go away quickly, but likely significant kidney.! Kidney disease odor removers that can react with elements in your urine ( proteinuria ) is between your tract... Indicate cardiovascular disease for some foam ( bubbles ) to appear in water! According to the side or sitting there is no need to avoid most of. Today, Why is my urine foamy medical attention kidneys and reduce proteinuria if consistently. Of preeclampsia are: Since most symptoms are common during early pregnancy, it end. To rule out kidney disease to rule out potential kidney disease during early pregnancy, it could protein! Signs and symptoms of preeclampsia are: Since most symptoms are common during early pregnancy, it is best contact. The glassy-winged sharpshooter drinks huge amounts of water or eat fruits and vegetables with high BP probs kidney... Urine hits the water in the urine fistulas are rare but can be in. And going quickly after feeling the need are the main ways to prevent excess bubbles from forming in your.! Tested or done right Memory Loss a problem for other associated symptoms is often the way! Hypertension have higher urine protein levels ( if done correctly ) are under 100 mg which is not.... Have some kidney disease my third urine Since the morning may experience in. Contains various cleaning chemicals, cleansers, and the 4/3 i had on.

Names Of Streets In Kubwa, Abuja, Xiluet Plastic Surgery Login, 52 Hoover Crip Handshake, How Much Are Gloves At Go Ape, Articles B