nigeria resistance to colonial rule

In 1916 Lugard formed the Nigerian Council, a consultative body that brought together six traditional rulersincluding the Sultan of Sokoto, the Emir of Kano and the Oba of Beninto represent all parts of the colony. By the mid-1940s, the major ethnic groups had formed such associations as the Igbo Federal Union and the Egbe Omo Oduduwa (Society of the Descendants of Oduduwa), a Yoruba cultural movement, in which Awolowo played a leading role. If the emirs accepted British authority, abandoned the slave trade, and cooperated with British officials in modernizing their administrations, the colonial power was willing to confirm them in office. Consequently, he may well deserve the epithet of the "father of Nigeria", which historians accorded him. Before 1898, the scramble for Africa by European countries led to the partition of Africa after the Berlin conference of 1884-85. The NPC, entering candidates only in the Northern Region, confined campaigning largely to local issues but opposed the addition of new regimes. British expansion accelerated in the last decades of the nineteenth century. Indigenous responses to imperialism during the period of 1750-1900 varied widely depending on the specific group of people and the imperial power they were interacting with. [67], This system, in which the structure of authority focused on the emir to whom obedience was a mark of religious devotion, did not welcome change. [70], Lugard's immediate successor (19191925), Sir Hugh Clifford, was an aristocratic professional administrator with liberal instincts who had won recognition for his enlightened governorship of the Gold Coast in 19121919. Nigerian students abroad, particularly at British schools, joined those from other colonies in pan-African groups such as the West African Students Union, founded in London in 1925. Battle of Adowa (Ethiopia) 5. WORKING PAPER: Passive and Active Resistance to Openness - 4 can also resist fulfilling the spirit of FOIAs in a more passive or subtle manner. To be sure, there were widespread resistances against colonial rule, which include the 'Abd al-Qadir led resistance against the French in Algeria, the Asante King (Prempeh I) led revolt against British colonialists in Ghana, the Maji Maji revolt in Tanganyika, the Ndebele rebellions in Rhodasia, the Ijebu Kingdom and the Opobo resistances in . By the eighteenth century, evidence of Christianity had disappeared. The appointment of Joseph Chamberlain as colonial secretary in 1895 especially marked a shift towards new territorial ambitions of the British Empire. If an eye is kept on the Gazettes as they come in this will enable us to warn him of any objections we may entertain to legislative proposals, and also give Liverpool and Manchester an opportunity of voicing their objections. In one year, Lugard recruited 2600 troops, evenly split between Hausa and Yoruba. Herbert Richmond Palmer developed details of this model from 1906 to 1911 as the Governor of Northern Nigeria after Lugard.[66]. [38][39], In 1892 the British Armed Forces set out to fight the Ijebu Kingdom, which had resisted missionaries and foreign traders. ", Tamuno, T. N. (1970). In 1886, Taubman secured a royal charter and his company became the Royal Niger Company. Asante Resistance (Ghana) 6. Decolonization Resource Collection (National History Center) Less Scrambling, more Reflecting: Teaching about colonialism in Africa from the perspective of resistance by Bram Hubbel, February 9, 2019. In 1912, Lugard returned to Nigeria from his six-year term as Governor of Hong Kong, to oversee the merger of the northern and southern protectorates. Christian missionaries were barred, and the limited government efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions.[67]. The emirs gave support to limited modernization largely from fears of the unsettling presence of southerners in the north, and by observing the improvements in living conditions in the South. [19] Although the Ijebu had some weapons they were wiped out by British Maxims, the earliest machine gun. In Nigeria, the British colonial administration found perhaps the longest-lasting resistance movement. During World War II, three battalions of the Nigeria Regiment fought against Fascist Italy in the Ethiopian campaign. Officials of the Sokoto Caliphate considered these treaties quite differently; from their perspective, the British were granted only extraterritorial rights that did not prevent similar arrangements with the Germans and the French and certainly did not surrender sovereignty. [19][41], In 18961897 the forces of the Niger Coast Protectorate fought with the remnants of the Edo Empire. The Colonial Era (1882-1960) British colonialism began under the pretense of policing the slave trade. Northern leaders committed to modernization were also firmly connected to the traditional power structure. The early history of Lagos Colony was one of repeated attempts to end the Yoruba wars. [11], By the 1880s, the National African Company became the dominant commercial power, increasing from 19 to 39 stations between 1882 and 1893. Protestant missionaries tended to divide the country into spheres of activity to avoid competition with each other, and Catholic missions similarly avoided duplication of effort among the several religious orders working there. One 1885 treaty read: We, the undersigned King and Chiefs [] with the view to the bettering of the condition of our country and people, do this day cede to the National Africa Company (Limited), their heirs and assigns, forever, the whole of our territory [] We also give the said National African Company (Limited) full power to settle all native disputes arising from any cause whatever, and we pledge ourselves not to enter into any war with other tribes without the sanction of the said National Africa Company (Limited). [] These intermediaries assisted government diplomacy and helped to establish and maintain relations between the company and the traditional rulers. The so-called Macpherson Constitution, after the incumbent Governor-General John Stuart Macpherson, went into effect the following year. The transfer of responsibility for budgetary management from the central to the regional governments in 1954 accelerated the pace of public spending on services and on development projects. He argued that the division into two separate colonies was advisable unless a stronger central government could bind Nigeria into more than just an administrative convenience for the three regions. [74] The disease first found its home among the many trading ports along the West African coast. Each region had a governor, premier, cabinet, legislature, and civil service, with the significantly weaker federal government represented in Lagos by a governor-general, bureaucracy, House of Representatives, and Senate. The Royal Niger Company had its own armed forces. The Native Administration was headed by the traditional rulersmostly emirs in the north and often obas in the southand their District Heads, who oversaw a larger number of Village Heads. Nigeria's first nationalist movements appeared in the 1920s, and resistance to colonial rule grew over the next three decades. The Colonial Office approved most of Lugard's plan, but balked at authorising him to pass laws without their approval. While this system had built-in contradictions, over the years the Nigerian system developed into a sophisticated form of local government, especially in the emirates and under the banner of native administration, which became the hallmark of British colonial rule in Africa. [50] In the same year, the British created the Royal West African Frontier Force (RWAFF or WAFF), under the leadership of Colonel Frederick Lugard. Ken Swindell, "The Commercial Development of the North: Company and Government Relations, 19001906". As a result, the trading post at the Niger River is created and the British economic rule is maintained over the colonies, exploiting Nigerians (Graham, 2009). Quiz. Public works, such as harbour dredging and road and railway construction, opened Nigeria to economic development. Alienated by the anonymity of the urban environment and drawn together by ties to their ethnic homelandsas well as by the need for mutual aidthe new city dwellers formed local clubs that later expanded into federations covering whole regions. resistance and successfully imposed colonial rule should attest to the point that African military resistance was ineffectual. In case of resistance by one of its friends the other would join hands to mount formidable resistance against colonial rule e.g. However, it is thought that the Nigerians themselves were providing the . The Nigerian Resistance. [31], Captain John Glover, the colony's administrator, created a militia of Hausa troops in 1861. Pre-colonial southern Nigeria was an _____ societey. Olatunji Ojo, "The Organization of the Atlantic Slave Trade in Yorubaland, ca.1777 to ca.1856", Bouda Etemad, "Economic relations between Europe and Black Africa, Giles D. Short, "Blood and Treasure: The reduction of Lagos, 1851", "Northern Nigeria: The Illo Canceller and Borgu Mail" by Ray Harris in. They wanted self-government, charging that only colonial rule prevented the unshackling of progressive forces in Nigeria and other states. These organisations were primarily urban phenomena that arose after numerous rural migrants moved to the cities. Any activity in the north that might include participation by the federal government (and consequently by southern civil servants) was regarded as a challenge to the primacy of the emirates. The British entry into World War I saw the confiscation of Nigerian palm oil firms operated by expatriates from the Central Powers. Webster, Boahen and Idowu are of the opinion that the conquest of Africa was very simple and that it was carried out with ease. Retrieved October 11, 2014 from. In the meantime, public sector spending increased even more dramatically than export earnings. Some indigenous peoples, such as those in the Americas, were forced to move to reservations or killed outright by invading European colonizers. [59], Lugard advocated constantly for the unification of the whole territory, and in August 1911 the Colonial Office asked Lugard to lead the amalgamated colony.[60]. The charter allowed the company to collect customs and make treaties with local leaders.[12]. When direct Portuguese contacts in the region were withdrawn, however, the influence of the Catholic missionaries waned. The forces of the Catholic missionaries waned efforts in education were harmonized with Islamic institutions. [ 12 ] the. 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