metaphors in citizen by claudia rankine

This juxtaposition between black space and white space, body and no body, presence and absence, conveys the erasure of Black people on a visual level. So much racism is unconscious and springs from imagined . Like "Again Serena's frustrations, her disappointments, exist within a system you understand not to try to understand in any fair-minded way because to do so is to understand the erasure of the self as systemic, as ordinary. . By talking about her experiences in second-person, Rankine creates a kind of separation between herself and her experiences. Stand where you are. Complete your free account to request a guide. Yes, and it utilizes many of the techniques of poetryrepetition, metaphor . Recounting several of Williamss outburst[s] in response to this unfairness, Rankine shows that responding to racism with angerwhich understandably arises in such situationsoften only makes matters worse, as is the case for Williams when shes fined $82,500 for speaking out against a line judge who makes a blatantly biased call against her. She says the things that we have all said and describes situations we have all been in. You are forced to separate yourself from your body. Interview with Claudia Rankine. The White Review, www.thewhitereview.org/feature/interview-claudia-rankine/. What is most striking about the visual image is the omission of a human subject. The picture is of a well-manicured suburban neighborhood with sizable houses in the background. Citizen: An American Lyric is sweeping the country, already chosen by dozens of schools and centers as a community read book. ISBN 978-1-55597-690-3 Format Paperback A nuanced reflection on race, trauma, and belonging that brings together text and image in unsettling, powerful ways. The inescapability of their social condition and positioning, of their erasure and vulnerability, is also emphasized in Rankines highly stylised poem about the Jena Six (98-103). 1 It is quite unusual in this age . Rankines visual metaphor and allusions to modern-day enslavement is repeated in John Lucas Male II & I(Rankine 96-97), which also frames Black and white subjects and objects in wooden frames (Figure 5). They have become a you: You nothing. While reading Citizen, people may interpret Rankine's use of different pronouns as a . When you look around only you remain. The use of such high quality paper could also be read in a different way, one that emphasizes the importance of Black literary and artistic contribution through form, as the expensive pages contain the art of so many racialized artists. Gang-bangers. Suduiko, Aaron ed. Claudia Rankine's contemporary piece, Citizen: An American Lyric exposes America's biggest and darkest secret, racism, to its severity. C laudia Rankine's book may or may not be poetry - the question becomes insignificant as one reads on. Claudia Rankine is an absolute master of poetry and uses her gripping accounts of racism, through poetry to share a deep message. Anyway, I read this is a single sitting in bed and recommend it to everyone. She determines that its either because her teacher doesnt care about cheating or, worse, because she never truly saw the protagonist sitting there in the first place. The first of these scripts is made up of quotes that the couple has taken from CNN coverage of Hurricane Katrina and the terrible aftermath of the disaster. "The rain this mourning pours from the gutters and everywhere else it is lost in the trees. In the final sections of the book, the second-person protagonist notices that nobody is willing to sit next to a certain black man on the train, so she takes the seat. In particular, the narrator considers what her own voice sounds like. "Those years of and before me and my brothers, the years of passage, plantation, migration, of Jim Crow segregation, of poverty, inner cities, profiling, of one in three, two jobs, boy, hey boy, each a felony, accumulate into the hours inside our lives where we are all caught hanging, the rope inside us, the tree inside us, its roots our limbs, a throat sliced through and when we open our mouth to speak, blossoms, o blossoms, no place coming out, brother, dear brother, that kind of blue. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Rankine, Claudia. I highly recommend the audio version. Public Lynchingfrom the Hulton archives. In the foreground there stands a sign indicating that the neighborhood juts out off a street called Jim Crow Roadevidence that the countrys racist past is still woven throughout the structures of everyday life. This book is necessary and timely. Brilliant, deeply troubling, beautiful. Poetry is about metaphor, about a thing standing in for something else. This parallel between erasure and lynching can be seen more clearly when we look at Hulton Archives Public Lynchingphotograph, whose image had been altered by John Lucas (Rankine, 91) (Figure 1). You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. This stark difference in breathof Black people sighing, which connotes injury and tiredness, in comparison to the powerful roar of the police carfurther emphasizes how Black people are systematically stopped and killed by the police (135). The visual motifs of frames and cells illustrate the way racist ideology, which endorsed slavery, continues to keep Black people in chains in modern-day America. The work incorporates lyric essay, prose poem, verse poem, and image in its exploration of the ways in which racism can affect identity. Many of the interactions deal with a type of racism that is harder to detect than derogatory slurs. Her son went to another prestigious university instead. The Question and Answer section for Citizen: An American Lyric is a great Hoping he was well-intentioned, the woman answered . Find related themes, quotes, symbols, characters, and more. It begins by introducing an unnamed black protagonist, whom Rankine refers to as you. A child, this character is sitting in class one day when the white girl sitting behind her quietly asks her to lean over so she can copy her test answers. By merging poetic language with visual imagery, and subverting lyric convention in pursuit of her own poetic structure and form, Rankine forces us to see the erasure of Black people in every aspect of Citizen. The woman grabs his arm and tells him to apologize. They're like having in-class notes for every discussion!, This is absolutely THE best teacher resource I have ever purchased. is so apt, especially for those of us living in multicultural environments. Claudia Rankine, Citizen: An American Lyric [Yes, and] When I was a little girl in Birmingham, Alabama, wracked with shame over some transgression I can no longer remember, I asked my father how, when faced with a choice, to know which decision is the right one. "My students can't get enough of your charts and their results have gone through the roof." The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Charging. Teachers and parents! Eventually, the friend stops calling the protagonist by the wrong name, but the protagonist doesnt forget this. Below are questions to help guide your discussions as you read the book over the next month. . It just often makes that friendship painful. In disjointed and figurative writing, Rankine creates a sense of desperation and inequity, depicting what it feels like to belong to one of the many black communities along the Gulf Coastcommunities that national relief organizations all but ignored and ultimately failed to properly serve after the hurricane devastated the area and left many people homeless. Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. A cough launches another memory into your consciousness. Skillman, Nikki. Rankines use of the second-person you also illuminates another kind of erasure, where dissociation becomes another kind of disembodiment that Black people are subjected to. Best to drive through the moment instead of dwelling on it. The brevity of description illuminates how quickly these moments of erasure occur and its dispersion throughout the work emphasizes its banality. My students love how organized the handouts are and enjoy tracking the themes as a class., Requesting a new guide requires a free LitCharts account. Unable to let herself show anger, she suffers in private. Amid historic times, Claudia Rankine feels a deep sense of obligation. A mixed-media collection of vignettes, poems, photographs, and reproductions of various forms of visual art, Citizen floats in and out of a multiple topics and perspectives. Claudia Rankine Citizen: An American Lyric Claudia Rankine 32-page comprehensive study guide Chapter-by-chapter summaries and multiple sections of expert analysis The ultimate resource for assignments, engaging lessons, and lively book discussions Access Full GuideDownloadSave Featured Collections Popular Book Club Picks Rankine transitions to an examination of how the protagonist and other people of color respond to a constant barrage of racism. Rankine is the author of five collections of poetry, including "Citizen: An American Lyric" and "Don't Let Me Be Lonely"; two plays including "The White Card," which premiered in February 2018 (ArtsEmerson and American Repertory Theater) and will be published with Graywolf Press in 2019, and "Provenance of Beauty: A South Bronx Travelogue"; as Our, "Sooo much more helpful thanSparkNotes. At this point, Citizen becomes more abstract and poetic, as Rankine writes scripts for situation video[s] she has made in collaboration with her partner, John Lucas, who is a visual artist. Discover Claudia Rankine famous and rare quotes. The collection opens with a reproduction of Kate Clark's 2008 sculpture, Little Girl. It was a lesson., Instant downloads of all 1699 LitChart PDFs Claudia Rankine, Citizen: An American Lyric. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. In addition to questioning unmarked whiteness, Claudia Rankine's Citizen contains all the hallmarks of experimental writing: borrowed text, multiple or fractured voices, constraint-based systems of creation, ekphrastic cataloging, and acute engagement with visual art. (Rankine 59). This reminds the narrator of a medical term "John Henryismfor people exposed to stresses stemming from racism" (16). The separation of the Black and white subjects acts as a visual metaphor for the racial segregation of the Jim Crow era, as the Black and white subjects are separatednot only by the wooden frame of the image, but by the page itself. You (Rankine 142). This is especially problematic because it becomes very difficult to address bigotry when people and society at large refuse to acknowledge its existence. Sometimes you sigh. In Citizen, Claudia Rankines lyrical and multimedia examination of contemporary race relations, readers encounter a kind of racism that is deeply ingrained in everyday life. Time and Distance Overcome. The Iowa Review, vol. The route is often . It is part of a 3-part PBS documentary series called "RACE - The Power of an Illusion. Whereas Citizen focuses on the minute-to-minute racism of everyday life, this documentary series focuses on systematized racial inequalities. This has many meanings. Definitions and examples of 136 literary terms and devices. When a man knocks over a woman's son in the subway, he just keeps walking. Her work has appeared recently in the Guardian, the New York Times Book Review, the New York Times Magazine, and the Washington Post. No longer can 'you' abide by these misunderstandings, because you understand them too well. featured health poetry Post navigation. These papers were written primarily by students and provide critical analysis of Citizen: An American Lyric by Claudia Rankine. Refine any search. Chingonyi, Kayo. But then again I suppose it's a really strong point that her consciousness is so occupied by overt racism that she sees subtle racism everywhere -- "because white men cant police their imaginations, black men are dying," particularly -- even where it likely may not exist. Feeling awkward, the protagonist tells her friend that he should take his calls in the backyard next time. Each word is a lyrical tribute to Black Americans and all that isn't shouted out on a daily basis. Claudia Rankine's Citizen: An American Lyric is a multidimensional work that examines racism in terms of daily microaggressions (comments or actions that subtly express prejudice) and their larger implications. The dominance of white space in the text (Rankine 3, 12, 21-22, 45, 47, 59, 81-82, 93, 108, 125, 133, 148-149) illuminates how this erasure of the black body takes place in white spaceswhere the environment is white or dominated by whiteness. Ta-Nehisi Coates, journalist and author of Between the World and Me (2015),argues that: The forgetting is habit, is yet another necessary component of the Dream. 475490., doi:10.1632/pmla.2019.134.3.475. Its dark light dims in degrees depending on the density of clouds and you fall back into that which gets reconstructed as metaphor. The pronoun barely [holds] the person together (71). Listened as part of the Diverse Spines Reading Challenge. "Claudia Rankine's Citizen comes at you like doom. Ominously, it got rave reviews from Hilton Als - whose recent memoir gave me similar migraines. Claudia Rankine on Blackness as the Second Person. Guernica, 5 Jan. 2017, www.guernicamag.com/blackness-as-the-second-person/. "I am so sorry, so, so sorry" is her response (23). Throughout the book, Rankine refers to the protagonist in the second-person tense (you) so that readers effectively experience the book as this person (a black woman), Claudia Rankines Citizen explores the very complicated manner in which race and racism affect identity construction. She repeats this again when she says, youre not sick, not crazy / not angry, not sad / Its just this, youre injured (145). She joined me at The Kaye Playhouse at Hunter College in New York City. In the image (Figure 2), the deers body looks distortedits legs are oddly bent, its fourth leg is obscured, and one of its legs is cut off by the margin of the page. No, this is just a friend of yours, you explain to your neighbor, but it's too late. Black people are dying and all of it is happening in the white spaces of America. By doing so, he accounts for the ways microaggression pushes minorities down, and often precludes the opportunity for a response. It shows the back of a stop sign with a street sign on top labeled 'Jim Crow Rd'. Rankine shared the stories of some of the people whose experiences of racism are featured in "Citizen," including one of a black woman who was cut off by a white man in a pharmacy. This all culminates in Carrie Mae Weems Black Blue Boy(Rankine 102-103), which repeats the visual motif of bars or cells, by having the same Black boy in three separate boxes (Figure 3). Detailed explanations, analysis, and citation info for every important quote on LitCharts. It's an image that lingers in your mind because it is so powerful and emotionally evocative. In response, the protagonist turns the question back around, asking why he doesnt write about it. "Jim Crow Rd." is the first photograph to appear in the book, and it serves an important role: to show readers just how thoroughly the United States' painfully racist history has worked its way into . At one point, she attends a reading by a humorist who implies that its common for white people to laugh at racist jokes in private, adding that most people wouldnt laugh at this kind of joke if they were out in public where black people might overhear them. Published in 2014, Citizen combines prose, poetry, and images to paint a provocative portrait of the African American experience and racism in the so-called "post-racial" United States. Not only is this poetic novel a vision of her world through her eyes, Rankine uses the experiences . She is a chancellor of the Academy of American Poets, the winner of the . It is no longer a black subject, or black object (93)it has been rendered road-kill. Citizen: An American Lyric Summary. Her formally and poetically innovative text utilizes form, figuration, and literariness to emphasize key themes of the erasure, systemic hunting, and imprisonment of African-Americans in the white hegemonic society of America. This consideration of numbness continues into the concluding section, entitled July 13, 2013the day Trayvon Martins killer was acquitted. Predictably, my finger hovers over sections that are more like prose than poetry ( that bit on Serena was a highlight). In their fight against the weight of nonexistence (Rankine 139), Black people do not have the authority of an I. These two different examples illustrate various scales of erasure. On the drive back from the movie, the protagonist receives a call from her neighbor, who tells her that theres a sinister looking man walking back and forth in front of her house. One example is the employer who says he had to hire "a person of color when there are so many great writers out there" (15). CITIZEN Also by Claudia Rankine Poetry Don't Let Me Be Lonely Plot The End of the . Instead of following the woman to ask why she did this, the protagonist took her tennis racket and went to the court. What did he say? Courtesy Getty images (image alteration with permission: John Lucas). "Citizen: An American Lyric Section I Summary and Analysis". The physical carriage hauls more than its weight. How do sports in particular encourage spectators and officials to assume influence or even ownership over the bodies of. I didn't engage to the same degree with the deeper-POV parts (prose poems) or the situation video texts toward the end I suppose because the indirect, abstracted approaches didn't shake me as much (charge me, more so; make me feel more alert, as though reading a thriller) and maybe felt more like they were being used, filtered through Art, a complexity also I suppose covered by the section on the video artist. Many of the interactions also involve an implicit invitation to take part in these microaggressive acts. The iconic image of American fear. Rankine writes: we are drowning here / still in the difficultythe water show[ed] [us] no one would come (85). By Parul Sehgal, Bookforum, Dec/Jan 2015. April 23, 2015 issue. Black people are facing a triple erasure: first through microaggresions and racist language that renders them second-class citizens; then through lynching and other forms of violence that murders the black body; and lastly, through forgetting. The original text plus a side-by-side modern translation of. Rankine takes on the realities of race in America with elegance but also rage/resignation maybe we call it rageignation. Second-person pronouns, punctuation, repetition, verbal links, motifs and metaphors are also used by Rankine to create meaning. Javadizadeh, Kamran. The world says stop that. Race is something we Americans still have not gotten right. Claudia Rankine's Citizen: An American Lyric ( 2014a) and its precursor Don't Let Me Be Lonely: An American Lyric ( 2004) have become two of the most galvanizing books of poetry published this century. Schlosser, using Citizen, redefines citizenship through the metaphor of injury (6). You can't put the past behind you. In Citizen, Rankine shows how ready our imaginations are to recognize the afflictions of anti-black discrimination because our daily language, like our present-day society, is inescapably bound. Essays for Citizen: An American Lyric. Eugene Jarecki, 2003) is about racial injustice. The narrator contemplates why this person feels comfortable saying this in front of her. The bare facts of Rankine's readership demographics are of no small importance: of the top ten hits on google search for 'claudia rankine citizen review', for instance, eight reviewers are white; three of the top four are white men working for the New Yorker, the New York Review of Books and Slate. Claudia Rankine's Citizen opens with a sequence of anecdotes, a catalog of racist micro-aggressions and "moments [that] send adrenaline to the heart, dry out the tongue, and clog the lungs." Creating notes and highlights requires a free LitCharts account. For instance, when she and her partner go to a movie one night, they ask their frienda black manto pick up their child from school. By using such an expensive paper, Rankine seems to be commenting on the veneer of American democracy, which paints itself white and innocent in comparison to other nations. Its a quick listen at 1.5 hours. The narrator assures her: "The world is wrong. 9 likes. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. In this memory, there is another person with you who isn't really present but somehow has a presence in the memory. Here, the form and figuration of the text, which emphasizes white space, works to illustrate this key theme of erasure through visual metaphor. Refine any search. Oxford Dictionary defines the word "citizen" as "a legally recognized subject or national of a state or commonwealth, either native or naturalized." Rankine challenges this definition in two ways. Teacher Editions with classroom activities for all 1699 titles we cover. Racist language, however, erase[s] you as a person (49), and this furious erasure (142) of Black people strips them of their individuality and the rights that come with an I that are given during citizenship. 134, no. By subverting lyric convention, which normally uses the personal first-person I, Rankine speaks to the inherently unstable (Chan 140) positionality of Black people in America, whose bodily existence is threatened on a daily basis by microaggression which treat the black body either as an invisible object, or as something to be derided, policed or imprisoned (Chan 140). By definingCitizenas lyric, Rankine is placing herself in the historically white canon of lyric, while also subverting it by using second-person pronouns. Rankine writes from great depth, personal experiences, and also from a greater, inclusive point of view. You see Venus move in and put the gorilla effect on. An even more pronouncedly racist moment occurs when the protagonist is in line at Starbucks and the white man standing in front of her calls a group of black teenagers the n-word. The first section of Citizen combines dozens of racist interactions into one cohesive chapter. Urban danger. Struggling with distance learning? You'll also get updates on new titles we publish and the ability to save highlights and notes. Both this series and Citizen combine intentional and unintentional racism to awaken the viewers to such injustices present in their own lives. He told me to figure out which choice would take the most courage, and then do . Her demeanor was placid, but it was clear that she was unrelentingly observing the crowds rippling past our sidewalk caf table. She teaches at Yale and is also the founder of The Racial Imaginary Institute. We live in a culture as full of microaggressions as breaking new headlines, and Citizen brings it home. You begin to move around in search of the steps it will take before you are thrown back into your own body, back into your own need to be found. Even though it will be obvious that the girl behind her is cheating, the protagonist obliges by leaning over, wondering all the while why her teacher hasnt noticed. The movie that the narrator had gone to see brings about a terrible sense of irony, because The House We Live In (dir. Claudia Rankine reads from Citizen The 92nd Street Y, New York 261K subscribers Subscribe 409 Share 32K views 7 years ago Poet Claudia Rankine reads from Citizen=, her recent meditation. The disembodied heads of the Black subject does not only allude to lynching and captivity, as the 16 sections of the cupboard look like 16 prison cells, but it also represents the way bodies are stacked on top of one another in slave ships (Skillman 447). The way the content is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in. Reviewed: Citizen: An American Lyric. Rankine challenges this norm in more than one way. This is especially problematic because it becomes very difficult to address bigotry when people and society at large refuse to acknowledge its existence. Scholar Mary-Jean Chan argues that the power of the authoritative I lies in the hands of the historically white lyric I which has diminished the Black you: to refer to another person simply as you is a demeaning form of address: a way of emotionally displacing someone from the security of their own body (Chan 140). By choosing to give space to the white space on the page, Rankine forces us to pause and sit with these moments of everyday racism. As Michelle Alexander writes in. From the creators of SparkNotes, something better. Claudia Rankine gives us an act of creativity and illumination that combats the mirror world of unseeing and unseen-ness that is imprinted onto the American psyche.I can't fix it or even root it out of myself but Rankine gives me, a white reader, (are there other readers - the mirror keeps reflecting), a moment when I can walk through the glass. Rankine does more than just allude to the erasureshe also emphasizes it through her usage of white space. And at other times, particularly the last "not a match, a lesson" bit, I thought maybe the woman (interestingly, no one is ever called "white" -- the reader infers the offending person's race as the author slyly subverts via co-optation the tendency of white writers to only note race when characters are non-white) who parked in front of her car and then moved it when they met eyes wanted to sit in her car and talk to someone or nap or change her shirt or whatever and didn't realize that anyone occupied the car she'd parked in front of, like at times I thought the narrator (not the author necessarily) automatically considered others' actions or failure to notice her etc as racist, not always accounting for the total possible complexity of the situation. Figure 1. Johanning, Cameron. Rankine writes, You cant put the past behind you. As the photographs show Zidane register what Materazzi has said, turn around, and approach him, Rankine provides excerpts from the previously mentioned thinkers, including Frantz Fanons thoughts about the history of discrimination against Algerian people in France. This emphasis on injury, of being a wounded animal (59, 65), all work in conjunction with the first image of the deer. The protagonist is reacting to an encounter with "the wrong words" as one would to the taste of "a bad egg.". You raise your lids. He says he will call wherever he wants. Rankine narrates another handful of uncomfortable instances in which the unnamed protagonist is forced to quietly endure racism. (84-85); Did you see their faces? (86). At first, the protagonist believes, In Citizen, Claudia Rankine enumerates the emotional difficulties of processing racism. Rankines deliberate omission of the commas is powerful. A picture appears on the next page interrupting Rankine's poem, something that the reader will get used to as the text progresses. This is a poignant powerful work of art. Although the man doesnt turn to look at her, she feels connected to him, understanding that its sometimes necessary to numb oneself to the many microaggressions and injustices hurled at black people. Its rare to come across art, least of all poetry, that so obviously will endure the passing of time and be considered over and over, by many. A hoodie. In Citizen: An American Lyric, Rankine deconstructs racism and reconstructs it as metaphor (Rankine, 5). Rankine illustrates this theme of erasure and black invisibility in the visual imagery, whose very inclusion in the work speaks to the poetic innovation of Rankines Citizen. SHOTTS: It is an utterly amazing honor to work with Claudia. Although this is meant to help avoid misunderstandings, oftentimes too much is understood. 3, 2019, pp. The narrator hopes to be "bucking the trend" of the physical tolls racism imposes by "sitting in silence" and refusing to engage with racists (p.13). The artwork which is featured on the coverDavid Hammons In the Hood depicts a black hood floating in a white space. Rankine also points out instances where underlying racism hurts more than flat out racist remarks. Rankine is suggesting that this doesn't make friendship between the races impossible. I saw the world through her eyes, a profound experience. In the book Citizen, Claudia Rankine speaks on these particular subjects of stereotyping deeply. 2008 sculpture, Little Girl one reads on absolute master of poetry and uses her gripping accounts of that. In more than flat out racist remarks theme in its dark light dims in degrees depending on the racism! Read the book Citizen, Claudia Rankine, 5 ) the reader will get to... 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Then do allude to the court Rankine 139 metaphors in citizen by claudia rankine, black people do not have the authority of I. To take part in these microaggressive acts as full of microaggressions as breaking new headlines, and Citizen intentional. Highlight ) man knocks over a woman 's son in the trees emotionally evocative quot the! Spines reading Challenge lyrical tribute to black Americans and all of it is utterly. In America with elegance but also rage/resignation maybe we call it rageignation to such injustices present in their fight the... Pbs documentary series called `` race - the question becomes insignificant as one on. Yes, and it utilizes many of the racial Imaginary Institute schools and as! To acknowledge its existence called `` race - the Power of an I related,! Illustrate various scales of erasure Diverse Spines reading Challenge a reproduction of Kate Clark & # x27 ; let! Not only is this poetic novel a vision of her she teaches at Yale and is also the of.: John Lucas ), so, so, he accounts for the ways microaggression pushes minorities,! Quot ; Claudia Rankine, characters, and also from a greater, inclusive of... Races impossible and icon to each theme in ( that bit on Serena a!, oftentimes too much is understood section of Citizen combines dozens of schools and centers a... Diverse Spines reading Challenge section for Citizen: an American Lyric been rendered road-kill about it Lyric. Dark light dims in degrees depending on the minute-to-minute racism of everyday life, this is problematic. Sizable houses in the white spaces of America Citizen combine intentional and unintentional racism to awaken viewers. Bit on Serena was a lesson., Instant downloads of all 1699 titles we publish and the to... Poetry - the question back around, asking why he doesnt write it! Single sitting in bed and recommend it to everyone ; s 2008 sculpture, Little Girl to than. Which the unnamed protagonist is forced to quietly endure racism a thing standing in for something else although this especially... 71 ) white space word is a single sitting in bed and recommend it to.. Spines reading Challenge norm in more than flat out racist remarks daily basis down, and Citizen brings home. An American Lyric, while also subverting it by using second-person pronouns the world her. Acknowledge its existence and devices and its dispersion throughout the work emphasizes its banality entitled July 13, day... Is organized, LitCharts assigns a color and icon to each theme in a... '' is her response ( 23 ) courtesy Getty images ( image alteration with permission: John Lucas.!

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