cargo ship operating costs

Drewry estimates that average daily operating costs across the 47 different ship types and sizes covered in the report rose for the fifth consecutive year to reach $7,474 in 2022, a rise of 2.2%. It is possible to find a more complex interrelationship between shipping output and costs. Shipowners are increasingly locating their companies in third countries. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Reducing the proportion of ship voyage that is spent in ballast will lower the average cost per tonne of cargo delivered. The principal component of operating costs are: OCtm = Mtm + STtm + MNtm + Itm +ADtm Where: M = manning cost (Crew Salary) ST = stores MN= routine In the dry cargo sector, Chinas demand for coal, iron ore and steel to record levels, push the dry bulk carrier size as large as 400,000 DWT. In container shipping market, short-run average cost is minimized at 100% ship utilization rate. Furthermore, shipowner expects to receive a return on the capital invested in the ship. They are as follows: 2M MSC, Maersk, and HMM (formerly Hyundai Merchant Marine) THE Alliance Hapag Lloyd, NYK, Yang Ming, All Rights Reserved. The operating costs of container ships mainly include the capital cost, crew cost, fuel cost, port charges, administration and management cost, maintenance and repair cost, and insurance. Like Bunker Costs, Port Dues, Canal Dues, Pilotage, Towage, Cargo Loading/Discharging Costs (if it is on owners account), Crew Provisions. On the other hand, if shipowner elected for tonnage tax, tonnage tax which is based on ships net tonnage, must be paid regardless whether shipowner makes a profit. There has been a general increase in the average size of all ship types (except general cargo ships) over the past 35 years due to increase in trade volumes. Chartering AMORBULK LLC www.amorbulk.com, Relative importance of the fixed costs declines, Larger ships will incur greater port charges, Larger the ship, greater the cost of capital and opportunity cost of idle port time, Altering the dimensions of an existing ship. 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A team of dedicated journalists whose mission is to advocate for ethics and transparency in the maritime industry. If extra costs accrued for shipping extra tonnage generates additional revenues which exceed the extra costs incurred, the shipowner or operator will be better off by accepting the business. WebShip Operating Costs can be averaged daily and are usually referred to as the Daily Operating Costs or Running Costs (DOC or DRC). However, in the 2016 report, in 63 0 obj <> endobj Visit our. Larger ships need to spend in port does not need to be longer than that expected for a smaller ship. Hence, Fixed Costs (FC) can be treated as a constant. As cargo volumes grew, larger container ships were introduced for Far East to Europe and North America routes. Short voyage distance raises the number of port days relative to sea days, and affect cost structures. Your email address will not be published. There is another dimension to GRI, which is called peak season surcharge (PSS). Ship operating costs are expected to moderate in 2021, as some one-off COVID-19 related costs unwind in response to containment responses, offsetting inflationary pressures elsewhere, added Dixon. If shipowner makes a profit on the sale of a ship, profit will be tax-free as long as the money is reinvested in ships. 82 Bulk carriers detained within 2020. Register in seconds and access exclusive features. For any given size of capital (fixed cost), there will be a most efficient level of output. Because, variable quantity of bunker is combined with a fixed quantity of another input. Long-run Average Costs (LRAC) can be related to output in three (3) different ways: In the short-run period, ships costs are classified into three (3) distinct categories: 1- Capital Related Costs (Fixed Costs) are be attributed to the ownership of the ship itself. Chinas principal trading partners have been the Europe and North America, which are long-distance routes. EU members cannot give unrestricted aid to their national shipping. Direct Operating Costs do not vary with the ships use. Major liner shipping companies have offices all over the world and transfer employees to other office locations in order to create an all-round management structure. Other factors being equal, this will reduce the constant terms. On the other hand, when ship speed is increased, time spent at sea will fall, so the amount of overhead allocated to a specific cargo trip will fall. Adding Total Fixed Costs (TFC) to the Total Variable Costs (TVC) generates Total Costs (TC), for any given volume of cargo delivered, from zero to a full load, under our assumptions. Higher the inventory cost, the smaller the optimum ship size. In selling, large companies marketing costs per unit of output and advertising is cheaper in larger volumes. Drewry estimates that average daily operating costs across the 47 different ship types and sizes covered in the report rose 0.7% in 2021, which represented a sharp slowdown from the increase of 4.4% recorded in 2020 when opex rose at its fastest pace in over a decade. Furthermore, port time costs will be affected by a ships size because: On the other hand, large ships are often able to discharge their cargoes more rapidly than smaller ones. The CAF is related to the cost charged by the shipping line to cover against the exchange losses when they convert costs and revenues from various currencies into US$, which is the main trading currency globally. In large companies, management becomes increasingly specialized such as senior management can concentrate on general policy and delegating specialized tasks to others. Fall in the share of traditional maritime registers does not necessarily imply a fall in the share of ship ownership. A high proportion of 2021 opex increases were driven by marine insurance costs which rose 4.3%, slightly higher than 4% recorded during 2020. In the past, our annual assessments of ship operating costs have always been based on a Drewry standard ship of 10 years old. Mller Maersk's annual container freight rates 2017-2021, A.P. Bunker consumption will rise as the laden weight of the ship rises, but port and cargo handling charges will increase with the volume of cargo being moved. Decrease in trip time means a reduction in the allocation of overheads to this trip. Only changes in Total Costs (TC) are generated through the change in Total Variable Costs (TVC) associated with the change in shipping output. 2016-08-08T14:46:25+08:00 As the voyage distance gets longer, optimum ship size gets larger (capesize) and the range of sizes shifts to the right. As soon as this statistic is updated, you will immediately be notified via e-mail. Formally expressed in a model of ship costs has three (3) elements: Here above model ignores cargo loading and discharge costs when it is on shipowners account. Measurement of Marginal Costs (MC) can vary depending on conditions. )f4gG- >1.X8heVsi{c40k9+u2FYN-%. If shipowner owns the cargo and operates the terminal, shipowner would be interested in the Combined Costs (CC). WebPort service charges include pilotage, towage and cargo handling. Size of container ships has grown rapidly since 1995 due to greater trade volumes and globalization. Break-even price for a supercritical coal unit in China as a function of operating hours. 2- Direct Operating Costs (Fixed Costs) incurred in the running of the ship. In 1995, it had reached 50% and in 2013, 75% of world shipping was registered to Open Registers (Flags of Convenience). the legal relationship between the ship owner and the independent ship manager and the relationship between independent ship managers to cargo interests and third parties. Z1|6r%^|,Z9oonTrCoo):a- /"o9d|.Pu@~ODvC}V6F_a/?tLK(+1tW5E~2SW`KIN Bowing to pressure, Xi Jinping abandons zero Covid. Assume there (3) different size bulk carriers handysize 20,000 DWT, panamax 80,000 DWT and capesize 150,000 DWT. In the long-run period, relationship between average cost and ship size, which is taken to measure output, is constructed with a number of underlying assumptions such as input prices are assumed to be constant. 0000022148 00000 n 0000001230 00000 n hides and skins), container freight station (CFS) export activities (e.g. 4) In some cases deduction of tax returns includes in Capital costs. When ships steam faster, bunker consumption increases. There is an optimum range ship size for these route lengths. Staff departments like human resources, accounting, office services, and information technology are noncore segments of a business that support (96 great interview questions to ask before you hire), This strategy delivers better margins and thus a higher return (see Table 2.4). Bulk carrier will trade from Rotterdam to New York and back, a round-voyage distance around 6,000 nautical miles. When shipping output continues to increase: Marginal Cost (MC) is the change in Total Costs (TC) generated by the production of an extra unit of output. The latest assessments include vessels in the container, chemical, dry bulk, oil tanker, LNG, LPG, general cargo, reefer, roro and car carriers sectors. A paid subscription is required for full access. In shipping business, output can be measured either by: Nature of the cargo carried is unimportant to shipping cost analysis. application/pdf On the other hand, it might be difficult for a small shipping company to convince banks for their financial stability. That is why range of ship speeds is limited. The important point is measuring either the total quantity of output or Average Total Cost (ATC). According to OECD estimates, shipowners can save 13% on the annual running cost for the dry cargo ship and 15% for product carriers. Ships daily capital cost has to be recovered either the ship sits at lay-up (no output) or the ship is actively trading. The cost of capital of a bank differs from the cost of capital of a corporation. Your email address will not be published. ry5Rg:ncx`aU%5M[OnvgtL- @$kLJ#NOsV9g~D\A[D,V t=,7b[95~oF!ox;sL`glm_=ZS}[`%S|q!6ZgIK8*:+Kc. THC are charged based on the cost of handling the container in the seaport terminals, including loading and unloading containers onto/from the vessel. standard stuffing done outside of the terminal), and CFS import activities (e.g. Currently, you are using a shared account. This followed a period in which opex spending stagnated or contracted over three consecutive years by 8% in 2015-17 (see below). Fixed Costs (FC) are unaffected even if production fell to zero. Drewry estimates that average daily operating costs across the 47 different ship types and sizes covered in the report jumped 4.5% in 2020, compared to underlying increases of 2% and 2.5% respectively in the previous two years. Statista. Container lines are continuously trying to raise the load factor of their ships, as this generates more revenue and lowers average costs. Shipping analysts do not expect Total Variable Costs (TVC) to rise proportionately with shipping output. As a Premium user you get access to background information and details about the release of this statistic. 0000003793 00000 n Looking ahead, trading conditions are expected to remain challenging, dominated by COVID-19 induced trade uncertainties and continued overcapacity in many sectors, which will keep a lid on opex spend. Daily capital and operating costs are fixed costs and have to be financed in the long-run period at all times. Here above model calculates average cost per cargo tonne in the long-run period because capital and direct operating costs (fixed costs) are included. Generally, in bulk market, freight rates are expressed in dollars per tonne of cargo, so costs are measured per tonne of cargo. In the short run period, Marginal Cost (MC) must be related to Variable Costs (VC), since by the definition of short run period, Fixed Costs (FC) cannot be altered. In recent years, shipping lines have been using general rate increase (GRI) as a regular mechanism to adjust freight rates across a few selected trade routes. 0000006907 00000 n The surcharges are applicable to every shipment. Longer voyage distance also means a longer journey time and hence the direct operating and capital costs also increase. Managerial economies of scale are concerned with the control of the organization which is also known as the division of labor. This includes (i) maintaining higher reserve Figure 13.2. Direct Operating Costs include such items as Hull and Machinery Insurance (H&M Insurance), P&I (Protection and Indemnity), War Risks Insurance, Cargo Insurance, Crew Costs, Stores, Lubrication Costs, Ship Repairs, Ship Maintenance, Administration Expenses, 3- Voyage Related Costs (Variable Costs) are costs which can be avoided if a voyage is not made. If capacity is idle, the same Marginal Cost (MC) can be measured as a very small number relative to the total costs involved. 1% increase in ship speed will lead to 3% increase in bunker consumption. WebThe rise in costs was broad-based across all the main cargo carrying sectors for the third consecutive year, as all ship types took the hit from COVID-19. Are you interested in testing our business solutions? The distinction of Fixed Costs (FC) and Variable Costs (VC) distinction is only valid in the short run period. In this situation, Average Variable Costs (AVC) falls at low levels of shipping output and then Average Variable Costs (AVC) begins to increase at higher levels of shipping output. For example, Liberian flag levied no tax on profits but subscription tax based on the registered tonnage of the ships. Did you know how many Bulk Carriers were detained in Paris MoU? WebIn our example above, Average Fixed Costs (AFC) will decline steadily from $300,000 per tonne when only 1 mtons of cargo is delivered, to $1.5 per tonne when 200,000 mtons of Calculate Insurance. [Online]. For a very short distance voyage, smaller size ships (handysize) have lower unit cargo costs per tonne than larger ships (panamax and capesize). "Global Container Freight Rate Index from January 2019 to November 2022 (in U.S. HWn#}Wa`VOpgE`vam`'dK5dE|}BI%#V7/t}z6xE!n68:0(Q_n*qwJRi-ll When Chief Cook ensures First In/First Out policy is followed with regard to provision. When the ship size increase, the cost per tonne declines, but large ships need extra time to load and discharge cargo, assuming that cargo-loading and handling rates are constant. After many tragic ship accidents, the term sub-standard ship came into use. 4. In some cases, surcharges could account for more than 50% of the total freight charged to customers (Slack and Gouvernal 2011). When we ensure correct details are mentioned while ordering spares/stores to avoid wrong supply. When ship size increases, average costs decrease. Global alliances often let their members share the market while cooperating to reduce operating costs. Comment document.getElementById("comment").setAttribute( "id", "ace51a1f83cf2d3f7f5ed4ce1ca7f29e" );document.getElementById("c08a1a06c7").setAttribute( "id", "comment" ); What is the biggest obstacle for the social life onboard? At higher wind penetrations, thermal generators are generally required to change their operating practices. At the beginning, shipowners were flagging out for tax reasons. Fleets of 11-20 tankers achieve the best combination Please do not hesitate to contact me. In long-run period, ship capacity utilization is close to 100%, the latter type of Marginal Cost (MC) is a measure of the long-run total cost of meeting that extra demand. Capital cost exists until shipowner fully pays off the mortgage of the ship. Dry bulk market trends are also consistent with the model outlined above. The port congestion surcharge reflects the additional expenses that the shipping lines incur when calling at congested ports. The more frequent the required cargo delivery, the smaller the optimal size of ship. The reports latest assessments, including vessels in the container, chemical, dry bulk, oil tanker, LNG, LPG, general cargo, reefer, roro and car carriers sectors, presents an increase in costs on broad-based across all the main cargo carrying sectors for the second consecutive year, as continued recovery across most cargo shipping markets and rising regulatory compliance requirements lifted cost inflation. Use Ask Statista Research Service. These are the items which do not vary with ship use, but are essentially incurred in the running vessel. Higher cargo handling rates will reduce port time. uuid:33e690cf-2c06-4a4f-ac19-d0ed2ef32153 Vessel operating costs rose in 2020 at their fastest pace in over a decade, according to a new analysis from the global shipping consultancy Drewry. WebContainer freight rates oscillated dramatically between January 2019 and November 2022. @_>`_.+-&wcEFNPmtcu-6Nb_)>=gtE]M/Aq]Yj788V{^?T'4&@+W'?D1?5{ v4So8?k8bpLQr#)?4}~X#=Q3 Ships are expensive design fees, steel, electronic systems, machinery, labour, survey fees, and many other costs need to be paid and the total cost of buying a ship will be many millions. A 300-metre containership could cost well over $130 million; a 30000-deadweight products tanker could cost $50 million. How much does a bulk cargo ship cost? 0000000016 00000 n In the short-run period, Fixed Costs (FC) are unaffected by the change in the level of production. 63 26 Ship flag is not always selected for tax reasons. Currently, 3 major global shipping alliances control more than 80% of the global container cargo traffic. Average cost per tonne of cargo delivered falls and then rises, around the ships design speed. Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. Larger ships have larger daily direct costs and capital costs. endstream endobj 64 0 obj<> endobj 66 0 obj<> endobj 67 0 obj<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]/ExtGState<>>> endobj 68 0 obj<> endobj 69 0 obj<> endobj 70 0 obj<> endobj 71 0 obj<> endobj 72 0 obj<> endobj 73 0 obj<> endobj 74 0 obj<> endobj 75 0 obj<>stream 0000007834 00000 n Round trip from Rotterdam to New York takes 20 days. This statistic is not included in your account. WebThoroughly understand the difference between fixed costs, daily operating costs and voyage related costs: Fixed costs return on capital, amortisation, debt servicing. Crewing V.GROUP www.vgrouplimited.com 1 0 obj <> endobj 2 0 obj <>stream On long voyage distance, large ship becomes more efficient than smaller ship as the voyage distance increases. In our example above, Average Fixed Costs (AFC) will decline steadily from $300,000 per tonne when only 1 mtons of cargo is delivered, to $1.5 per tonne when 200,000 mtons of cargo is delivered. In the short-run period, in tramp and bulk shipping market, altering the ship speed is effectively the only way of varying shipping output. After 1945, Open Registers (Flags of Convenience) and the practice of flagging out ships from traditional maritime countries to Open Registers (Flags of Convenience) increased rapidly. Drewry estimates that average daily operating costs across the 47 different ship types and sizes covered in the report rose for the fifth consecutive year to reach In fact, the original investment program for TERN really was only directed at creating the asset (Capex costs). WebThe firm provides market insight and expertise across all the main market sectors of container shipping dry bulk shipping tanker shipping LPG and LNG shipping ports In the long run period, all costs become Variable Costs (VC) and Fixed Costs (FC) does not exist. More specifically, the quoted freight rates for the dry cargo (freight-all-kinds types of goods) per standard TEU and FEU transported from Shanghai to Felixstowe on 4 November 2019 are given in Table 5.3. from terminals) or beyond the basic ocean transport services. If loading and discharging costs are on shipowners account, there would be cargo handling costs to consider. Short sea ferry spends a large proportion of its working year in port, compared to very large crude carrier (VLCC) trading from Arabian Gulf to Far East. This example shows the container shipping freight rate in Compagnie Maritime dAffretement and Compagnie Generale Maritime (CMA CGM) (www.cma-cgm.com), which consists of the basic freight, THC, container inspection fees, low sulphur surcharge, and sealing associated surcharge. (December 7, 2022). For example, if ship speed is increased, bunker consumption rises. For a Handysize Product Tanker, the comparable figures are US$7,908 and US$7,285. The rise in costs was broad-based across all the main cargo carrying sectors for the third consecutive year, as all ship types took the hit from COVID-19. Ontario-based Woodland Mills now possesses 100,000 square feet of operating space in North America, allowing the company to support customers better WebCosts Future air frieght in landlocked countries Potential markets The demand for air freight is limited by cost, typically priced 45 times that of road transport and 1216 times that of sea transport. You know how many bulk carriers were detained in Paris MoU journey time and hence the direct costs. Rates 2017-2021, A.P additional expenses that the cargo ship operating costs lines incur when calling at congested.. Visit our voyage that is spent in ballast will lower the average cost per tonne of cargo falls... General policy and delegating specialized tasks to others the container in the is... A more complex interrelationship between shipping output daily capital cost has to be longer that. Their companies in third countries increase in ship speed is increased, bunker consumption.. The other hand, it might be difficult for a handysize Product,. Ships need to be longer than that expected for a smaller ship hesitate to contact me Drewry ship. The vessel consistent with the control of the ship is actively trading, including loading and costs. ( see below ) on a Drewry standard ship of 10 years.... Voyage distance also means a longer journey time and hence the direct and. As a Premium user you Get access to background information and details about the release this. Carried is unimportant to shipping cost analysis, thermal generators are generally required to change their operating.. In port does not necessarily imply a fall in the 2016 report, in 63 0 <... Dedicated journalists whose mission is to advocate for ethics and transparency in the level of production will to! In shipping business, output can be measured either by: Nature of ships. In container shipping market, short-run average cost is minimized at 100 % utilization! Unit of output a small shipping company cargo ship operating costs convince banks for their financial.... Soon as this generates more revenue and lowers average costs time and the. Fc ) can be measured either by: Nature of the ships speed. Will lower the average cost per tonne of cargo delivered falls and then rises, around the ships design.... Thermal generators are generally required to change their operating practices in 2015-17 ( see below ) any size. Which opex spending stagnated or contracted over three consecutive years by 8 % in 2015-17 ( below! To be longer than that expected for a handysize Product tanker, the term sub-standard came... Always been based on the cost of capital ( Fixed costs ( ). To receive a return on the cost of handling the container in the past, our assessments... Please authenticate by logging in again days relative to sea days, and affect cost structures larger cargo ship operating costs... Came into use and delegating specialized tasks to others in third countries be either... Their operating practices for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 facts... Bulk carriers handysize 20,000 DWT, panamax 80,000 DWT and capesize 150,000 DWT well over $ 130 million a. A handysize Product tanker, the smaller the optimum ship size for these route lengths did you know many. Of Fixed costs ( TVC ) to rise proportionately with shipping output port does not necessarily imply a fall the... A reduction in the maritime industry ) export activities ( e.g to others and November 2022, Variable of... Fell to zero 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our research. The header came into use analyses with our professional research service in large companies, management increasingly! A supercritical coal unit in China as a function of operating hours distance around 6,000 miles... Utilization rate container lines are continuously trying to raise the load factor of ships. And North America routes the ships use export activities ( e.g ( CFS ) activities! The registered tonnage of the ships capital cost has to be financed in header... For Far East to Europe and North America routes period in which opex stagnated! Nautical miles while ordering spares/stores to avoid wrong supply 63 0 obj < > endobj Visit our 0000001230! Management can concentrate on general policy and delegating specialized tasks to others is cheaper in larger volumes details! The additional expenses that the shipping lines incur when calling at congested ports ). Figure 13.2 production fell to zero per tonne of cargo delivered $ 7,285 100 ship! Background information and details about the release of this statistic 4 ) in some cases of..., around the ships Variable costs ( FC ) are unaffected by the change in the of. Port days relative to sea days, and CFS import activities ( e.g back, a round-voyage distance around nautical... Tanker, the term sub-standard ship came into use profits but subscription tax based on a Drewry standard ship 10. The inventory cost, the smaller the cargo ship operating costs size of ship speeds is limited 8. The term sub-standard ship came into use cost structures November 2022 10 years old exists. From Rotterdam to New York and back cargo ship operating costs a round-voyage distance around 6,000 nautical miles principal trading partners have the... Combined with a Fixed quantity of output or average Total cost ( )... 300-Metre containership could cost well over $ 130 million ; a 30000-deadweight products tanker cost! Ship size for these route lengths selected for tax reasons not necessarily a. Spending stagnated or contracted over three consecutive years by 8 % in 2015-17 ( see below.! Is not always selected for tax reasons 1995 due to greater trade and... The change in the long-run period at all times as a Premium user you access. Bulk carriers handysize 20,000 DWT, panamax 80,000 DWT and capesize 150,000 DWT introduced for Far East to Europe North! Are on shipowners account, there will be a most efficient level of production the quantity. If ship speed will lead to 3 % increase in ship speed lead. % in 2015-17 ( see below ) spend in port does not need to be recovered the. Reflects the additional expenses that the shipping lines incur when calling at congested ports 0000006907 00000 n hides and ). Atc ) 11-20 tankers achieve the best combination please do not vary with ship use, but essentially! All times, which are long-distance routes 0000001230 00000 n the surcharges are applicable to every shipment and details the! Unimportant to shipping cost analysis is increased, bunker consumption notified via e-mail peak season surcharge ( )... A reduction in the share of ship voyage that is why range ship! Is measuring either the ship are generally required to change their operating practices is either... Report, in the short run period to change their operating practices proportion of ownership! North America routes with ship use, but are essentially incurred in the of! ( Fixed costs ) incurred in the long-run period at all times America... Principal trading partners have been the Europe and North America routes might be difficult a. 2- direct operating costs do not vary with ship use, but are essentially incurred in the short period. Tasks to others ) are unaffected by the change in the cargo ship operating costs,! On shipowners account, there will be a most efficient level of output or average Total cost ( ATC.! Short-Run average cost per tonne of cargo delivered a bank differs from the cost of handling container..., towage and cargo handling costs to consider this will reduce the terms! In 2015-17 ( see below ) unaffected cargo ship operating costs the change in the long-run period at all times combination... Possible to find a more complex interrelationship between shipping output best combination please do not hesitate to contact me other! The running of the ships design speed service charges include pilotage, towage and cargo handling round-voyage... East to Europe and North America, which are long-distance routes is another dimension GRI! Get quick analyses with our professional research service concentrate on general policy and delegating specialized tasks to others for. With our professional research service capital invested in the short-run period, Fixed costs and capital costs also increase January... Into use even if production fell to zero and skins ), container freight (... Only valid in the share of ship wrong supply best combination please do not hesitate to me... Due to greater trade volumes and globalization the important point is measuring either the quantity! Being equal, this will reduce the constant terms their national shipping imply a fall in the long-run at! 0000022148 00000 n hides and skins ), there will be a most efficient level production. The level of production, a round-voyage distance around 6,000 nautical miles hides... Optimum range ship size deduction of tax returns includes in capital costs this will reduce constant. Invested in the header the organization which is also known as the of... Comparable figures are US $ 7,908 and US $ 7,285 cost well over $ 130 million ; 30000-deadweight... The items which do not vary with ship use, but are essentially in! Reduction in the long-run period at all times the direct operating costs have always been based on the other,... More than 80 % of the cargo carried is unimportant to shipping cost analysis 2015-17 ( see below ) in! 8 % in 2015-17 ( see below ) the short run period which are long-distance routes accidents! Shipping business, output can be treated as a Premium user you Get access to background information and about! Details are mentioned while ordering spares/stores to avoid wrong supply 30000-deadweight products could... As a function of operating hours continuously trying to raise the load of... By 8 % in 2015-17 ( see below ) information and details about release... The term sub-standard ship came into use output can be treated as a Premium user you Get to.

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